Yahweh - Knowledge (XXG) (2024)

2322:

1514:, "El who creates the hosts", which Cross considered to be one of the cultic names of El. However, this phrase is nowhere attested either inside or outside the Bible, and the two gods are in any case quite dissimilar, with El being elderly and paternal and lacking Yahweh's association with the storm and battles. Even if the above issues are resolved, Yahweh is generally agreed to have a non-causative etymology because otherwise, YHWH would be translated as YHYH. It also raises the question of why the Israelites would want to shorten the epithet. One possible reason includes the co-existence of religious modernism and conservatism being the norm in all religions.1624:, while the historical role of Moses is problematic. It follows that if the Kenite hypothesis is to be maintained, then it must be assumed that the Israelites encountered Yahweh (and the Midianites/Kenites) inside Israel and through their association with the earliest political leaders of Israel. Christian Frevel argues that inscriptions allegedly suggesting Yahweh's southern origins (e.g. "YHWH of Teman") may simply denote his presence there at later times, and that Teman can refer to any southern territory, including Judah.1807:

1989:

45:

1656:

2659:

2645:

1797:

refrains from explicitly naming the Edomite Qōs. Some scholars have explained this notable omission by assuming that the level of similarity between Yahweh and Qōs would have made rejection of the latter difficult. Other scholars hold that Yahweh and Qōs were different deities from their origins, and

3745:

p.10: At 1 Kgs 1–8 there is exceptionally no mention of any Edomite gods:'King Solomon loved many foreign women along with the daughter of the Pharaoh: Moabite, Ammonite, Edomite, Sidonian, and Hittite women. ... For Solomon followed Astarte the goddess of the Sidonians, and Milcom the aboimination

2134:(Zechariah writes of two messiahs, one royal and the other priestly). These early hopes were dashed (Zerubabbel disappeared from the historical record, although the High Priests continued to be descended from Joshua), and thereafter there are merely general references to a Messiah of3746:

of the Ammonites. ... Then Solomon built a high place for Chemosh the abomination of Moab, and for Molech the abomination of the Ammonites, on the mountain east of Jerusalem. He did the same for all his foreign wives, who offered incense and sacrificed to their gods.'

2537:. However, as coins minted with such iconography ordinarily depicted subjected persons, and not the gods of a subjected people, some have assumed the coin simply depicts the surrender of a Judean who was called "Bacchius", sometimes identified as the Hasmonean king2336:

The Hebrew Bible gives the impression that the Jerusalem temple was always meant to be the central or even sole temple of Yahweh, but this was not the case. The earliest known Israelite place of worship is a 12th-century BCE open-air altar in the hills of

3416:: "Unfortunately, albeit the interesting analogies, the learned discussions, and the broad perspective, the evidence is too scanty to allow any conclusions concerning the exact meaning of the term YHWA/YHA/YH as it appears in Ancient Egyptian records."2193:, the followers of Yahweh went a step further and outright denied that the other deities aside from Yahweh even existed, thus marking the transition from monolatrism to true monotheism. The notion that Yahweh is to be worshipped as the1478:

refers to a god creating and sustaining the life of a newborn child rather than the universe. This conception of God was more popular among ancient Near Easterners but eventually, the Israelites removed the association of

2280:

of Israel and Israel's status as his holy people, although the earlier agricultural meaning was not entirely lost. His worship presumably involved sacrifice, but many scholars have concluded that the rituals detailed in

3146:, p.779: "...the pronunciation of the Ineffable Name was one of the climaxes of the Sacred Service: it was entrusted exclusively to the High Priest once a year on the Day of Atonement in the Holy of Holies."2513:

are also invoked frequently. The frequent occurrence of Yahweh's name was likely due to Greek and Roman folk magicians seeking to make their spells more powerful through the invocation of a prestigious foreign deity.

1239:

came to be applied to Yahweh alone. Some scholars believe El and Yahweh were always conflated. Characteristics of other gods, such as Asherah and Baal, were also selectively "absorbed" in conceptions of Yahweh.

1679:

between Canaanites and Israelites. Scholars accordingly define Israelite culture as a subset of Canaanite culture. In this view, the Israelite religion consisted of Canaanite gods such as El, the ruler of the

6840:

2169:

It is unclear when the worship of Yahweh alone began. The earliest known portrayals of Yahweh as the principal deity to whom "one owed the powers of blessing the land" appear in the teachings of the prophet

3253:, p.176: "There has been one key objection, by Michael Streck, who reevaluated Amorite personal names as a whole in 2000 and as part of this work published the separate conclusion (1999) that all the1942:

In this atmosphere a struggle emerged between those who believed that Yahweh alone should be worshipped, and those who worshipped him within a larger group of gods; the Yahweh-alone party, the party of the

4391:

1766:

might have been one and the same as Yahweh, rather than a separate deity, with its name a title of the latter. Aside from their common territorial origins, various common characteristics between the

1923:. The Yahweh-religion thus began to separate itself from its Canaanite heritage; this process continued over the period from 800 to 500BCE with legal and prophetic condemnations of the6231:

3265:, "to live"....If Streck is correct that these are all forms of the verb "to live", then the Amorite personal names must be set aside as useful to any interpretation of the name ." But see1588:. There is considerable although not universal support for this view, but it raises the question of how Yahweh made his way to the north. An answer many scholars consider plausible is the2397:, meaning that the god was not depicted by a statue or other image. This is not to say that he was not represented in some symbolic form, and early Israelite worship probably focused on1643:'s conquests in the Kingdom of Israel forced the two kingdoms to cooperate, which spread YHWH worship among Judean commoners. Previously, YHWH was viewed as the patron god of the Judean6682:

1348:

1407:

in 957BCE to its destruction in 586BCE, exilic for the period of the Exile from 586–539BCE (identical with Neo-Babylonian above), post-Exilic for later periods and

2205:

exilic work whose case for the theological doctrine rests on Yahweh's power over other gods, and his incomparability and singleness relative to the gods of the Babylonian religion.

4798:

1885:

the god of the Ammonites, Qōs the god of the Edomites, and Yahweh the god of the Israelites. In each kingdom the king was also the head of the national religion and thus the

5576:

6756:

7456:

1935:, along with practices pertaining to the dead and other aspects of the old religion. Features of Baal, El, and Asherah were absorbed into Yahweh, and epithets such as1113:

8025:

7153:

3273:- remains impossible to prove with certainty, the parallels with contemporary Old Babylonian Ibašši-DN and the later second-millennium parallels from the verb1951:, ultimately triumphed, and their victory lies behind the biblical narrative of an Israel vacillating between periods of "following other gods" and periods of5877:

6254:

2040:, Yahweh was no longer seen as exclusive to Israel, but as extending his promise to all who would keep the sabbath and observe his covenant. In 539BCE1419:

There is almost no agreement on Yahweh's origins. His name is not attested other than among the Israelites, and there is no consensus on its etymology, with

5488:

5628:

5433:

5325:

1470:

emphasized that the Amorite verbal form is of interest only in attempting to reconstruct the verbal root of the name "Yahweh", and that attempts to take

7149:

2186:; they did not believe Yahweh was the only god in existence, but instead believed that he was the only god which the people of Israel should worship.5944:

2293:, and that in reality any head of a family was able to offer sacrifice as occasion demanded. A number of scholars have also drawn the conclusion that4599:(Hierosolymam defendere temptavere Iudaei; verum haec quoque et intravit et vidit illud grande inpiae gentis arcanum patens, sub aurea vite Caelum).1696:

argues that there is no evidence of any anthropomorphic figurines or cultic statues in Israel during this period, suggesting monotheistic practice.

5086:

5697:

7423:

7126:

1822:, and that this was removed by a later emendation to the text: Nonetheless, some scholars argue that El Elyon ("the Most High") and Yahweh are7294:

7270:

7247:

7226:

7205:

7184:

7163:

7138:

7077:

7056:

7034:

7013:

6991:

6970:

6947:

6926:

6907:

6886:

6860:

6818:

6792:

6768:

6742:

6718:

6694:

6633:

6614:

6564:

6508:

6471:

6451:

6427:

6406:

6376:

6355:

6334:

6313:

6289:

6266:

6243:

6199:

6178:

6155:

6131:

6110:

6091:

6070:

6049:

5977:

5956:

5933:

5912:

5889:

5866:

5842:

5821:

5800:

5774:

5753:

5730:

5709:

5678:

5636:

5611:

5588:

5565:

5544:

5521:

5500:

5477:

5445:

5422:

5401:

5380:

5359:

5333:

5305:

5282:

5261:

5216:

5195:

5174:

5149:

5126:

5102:

5072:

5049:

5026:

5005:

4984:

4961:

4940:

4919:

4898:

4875:

4854:

4830:

4811:

4787:

4766:

4745:

4724:

4703:

4680:

4657:

4366:

3742:

3697:

2178:

in the 8th century BCE, in reference to disputes between Yahweh and Baal. The early supporters of this faction are widely regarded as being

7990:

2581:

1106:

2560:

similarly identify Yahweh with Bacchus–Dionysus. Jews themselves frequently used symbols that were also associated with Dionysus such as

6277:

2703:

1798:

suggest that the tensions between Judeans and Edomites during the Second Temple period may lie behind the omission of Qōs in the Bible.

1699:

In the earliest Biblical literature, Yahweh has characteristics of a storm god typical of ancient Near Eastern myths, marching out from

187:

2471:

1089:

1435:

invented at a time when the original meaning had been forgotten, although some scholars dispute this. Lewis connects the name to the

5240:

4641:

4456:

6485:

5315:

4499:

1970:

and dated around 700 BCE, Yahweh appears described as the lord of "the nations", while in other contemporary texts discovered in

8000:

7970:

1099:

501:

7872:

4972:

2321:

3122:: "The strong consensus of biblical scholarship is that the original pronunciation of the name YHWH... was Yahweh."1351: ", led to increasingly strict prohibitions on speaking or writing the term. Rabbinic sources suggest that, by the8020:

7461:

3718:, pp. 674–677. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing: "This clan or family must have been of Edomite or Idumaean origin." (p. 677).2533:" or "Bacchus the Judaean". The figure has been interpreted as depicting Yahweh as a local variety of Bacchus, that is,2082:

1811:

1474:

as a divine epithet should be "vigorously" argued against. In addition, J. Philip Hyatt believes it is more likely that

872:

4758:

The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East

1774:, for example, is depicted as having no problem in worshiping Yahweh and is shown to be at home in Jewish sanctuaries.1157:. Though no consensus exists regarding the deity's origins, scholars generally contend that Yahweh is associated with7975:

7720:

7385:

2009:

1890:

1707:

with the heavenly host of stars and planets that make up his army to do battle with the enemies of his people Israel:

1628:

1142:

4645:

2130:

who seemed, briefly, to be about to re-establish the ancient royal line, or in Zerubbabel and the first High Priest,

6350:. Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments. Vol.284. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.8045:

7416:

6220:(1990). "Aspects of Old Testament Thought". In Raymond E. Brown; Joseph A. Fitzmyer & Roland E. Murphy (eds.).4597:

entered this city also and saw that grand Holy of Holies of an impious people exposed, Caelum under a golden vine"

2683:

2522:

2119:

1360:

1276:

1213:

244:

28:

3779:

6194:. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe. Vol.107. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck.4886:

1525:

7980:

7044:

2698:

2673:

2475:

2233:

The centre of Yahweh's worship lay in three great annual festivals coinciding with major events in rural life:

2208:

Benjamin D. Sommer argues that the distinction between polytheism and monotheism has been greatly exaggerated.

656:

77:

2614:, or even possibly some variant of the name Yahweh itself, for more familiar terms associated with Dionysus.2260:

harvest. These probably pre-dated the arrival of the Yahweh religion, but they became linked to events in the

2166:

is unknown, the transition was a gradual one and was not totally accomplished during the First Temple period.

2048:, the exiles were given permission to return (although only a minority did so), and by about 500BCE the5882:

Do Historical Matters Matter to Faith?: A Critical Appraisal of Modern and Postmodern Approaches to Scripture

8040:

8030:

7857:

7800:

7466:

5646:

Gnuse, Robert Karl (1999). "The Emergence of Monotheism in Ancient Israel: A Survey of Recent Scholarship".

4607:

2719:

1853:

1376:

497:

36:

19:

This article is about the ancient Levantine deity. For the modern Judeo-Christian conception of Yahweh, see

8015:

2557:

2401:, but according to the Biblical texts the temple in Jerusalem featured Yahweh's throne in the form of two2362:

2131:

1333:

4911:

Injustice Made Legal: Deuteronomic Law and the Plight of Widows, Strangers, and Orphans in Ancient Israel

8010:

8005:

7985:

7471:

7409:

6899:

Studies in the Cult of Yahweh: Volume One: Studies in Historical Method, Ancient Israel, Ancient Judaism

2816:

2431:

2139:

2070:

1983:

1352:

1299:

1604:. This ties together various points of data, such as the absence of Yahweh from Canaan, his links with7176:

Family Religion in Babylonia, Ugarit and Israel: Continuity and Changes in the Forms of Religious Life

3269:, p.425: "While the identifcation of the verbal root in the Amorite names with and without the -2055:

Towards the end of the Second Temple period, speaking the name of Yahweh in public became regarded as

8035:

7893:

7778:

2724:

2451:

2286:

2190:

1593:

1564:

in northern Arabia. Although it is still uncertain whether a relationship exists between the toponym

1408:

1252:

528:

2525:

showed a kneeling, bearded figure grasping a branch (a common Roman symbol of submission) subtitled

2174:

in the 9th century BCE. This form of worship was likely well established by the time of the prophet

2102:

The period of Persian rule saw the development of expectation in a future human king who would rule

7122:

2688:

2490:

2482:

2416:, and a number of scholars have argued that Yahweh was in fact represented prior to the reforms of2406:

2269:

2103:

2017:

1963:

1849:

1743:

1681:

1404:

1197:

1154:

581:

24:

5537:

From Mari to Jerusalem and Back: Assyriological and Biblical Studies in Honor of Jack Murad Sasson

1897:, which may have emerged a century later (no "God of Judah" is mentioned anywhere in the Bible).1290:, and in Jewish or Jewish-influenced Greco-Egyptian magical texts from the 1st to 5th century CE.7886:

7334:

7215:

Wanke, Gunther (1984). "Prophecy and Psalms in the Persian Period". In Finkelstein, Louis (ed.).

6591:

6520:"On Deserted Landscapes and Divine Iconography: Iconographic Perspectives on the Origins of YHWH"6437:

6024:

6016:

5060:

4427:

4419:

4372:

3312:

2447:

2374:

2346:

2107:

2078:

1627:

Alternatively, some scholars argue that YHWH worship was rooted in the indigenous culture of the

1621:

1432:

1287:

652:

164:

7314:

7089:"El extraño caso del dios Qos. ¿Por qué la deidad edomita/idumea no es mencionada en la Biblia?"7004:(2001). "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel". In Coogan, Michael David (ed.).5967:

5037:

2358:

2345:(El in the form of a bull) and the archaeological remains of further temples have been found at2305:

in the late 7th century BCE. Sacrifice was presumably complemented by the singing or recital of

1320:; modern scholarship has reached consensus to transcribe this as "Yahweh". The shortened forms7995:

7290:

7266:

7243:

7222:

7201:

7180:

7174:

7159:

7134:

7110:

7073:

7066:

Stone, Robert E. II (2000). "I Am Who I Am". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).

7052:

7030:

7009:

6987:

6981:

6966:

6958:

6943:

6937:

6922:

6903:

6882:

6856:

6814:

6806:

6788:

6782:

6764:

6738:

6714:

6690:

6666:

6629:

6610:

6560:

6541:

6504:

6496:

6467:

6447:

6423:

6417:

6402:

6372:

6366:

6351:

6330:

6324:

6309:

6299:

6285:

6262:

6239:

6205:

6195:

6174:

6166:

6151:

6127:

6106:

6087:

6081:

6066:

6045:

6008:

5973:

5952:

5929:

5923:

5908:

5900:

5885:

5862:

5856:

5838:

5832:

5817:

5796:

5788:

5770:

5749:

5741:

5726:

5705:

5684:

5674:

5632:

5622:

5607:

5584:

5561:

5540:

5517:

5496:

5473:

5465:

5441:

5418:

5412:

5397:

5376:

5355:

5347:

5329:

5301:

5293:

5278:

5272:

5257:

5236:

5226:

5212:

5191:

5170:

5145:

5122:

5116:

5098:

5090:

5082:

5068:

5045:

5022:

5016:

5001:

4980:

4957:

4936:

4915:

4894:

4871:

4850:

4826:

4807:

4783:

4777:

4762:

4741:

4720:

4699:

4691:

4676:

4668:

4653:

4452:

4411:

4362:

4074:

3738:

3713:

3693:

3687:

3569:

3527:

2599:

2378:

1997:

1759:

1589:

1538:

1518:

1467:

1460:

68:

49:

7237:

7195:

6832:

6628:. Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus. Vol.104. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.6604:

6461:

6441:

6394:

6303:

6145:

6060:

6020:

5811:

5434:"El the God of Israel-Israel the People of YHWH: On the Origins of Ancient Israelite Yahwism"5319:

4909:

4714:

3728:

7448:

7390:

7359:

7326:

7258:

7100:

7067:

6848:

6732:

6656:

6583:

6531:

6217:

6000:

5720:

5655:

5343:

5185:

5137:

4995:

4951:

4403:

3734:

3561:

3517:

3507:

3496:"When and from Where did YHWH Emerge? Some Reflections on Early Yahwism in Israel and Judah"3304:

2792:

2766:

2603:

2294:

2290:

2147:

2029:

2021:

1971:

1894:

1771:

1676:

1675:

In the Early Iron Age, the modern consensus is that there was no distinction in language or

1632:

1436:

1344:

1146:

769:

538:

449:

349:

6710:

The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts

2059:. When reading from the scriptures, Jews began to substitute the divine name with the word1411:

from the reconstruction of the Temple in 515BCE until its destruction in 70CE.

219:

7965:

7840:

7830:

7651:

7587:

7001:

4840:

3712:

E. A. Knauf. (1999). Qos Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst ,

2836:

2553:

2549:

2435:

2045:

2041:

2001:

1912:

1747:

1581:

1403:

Other academic terms often used include First Temple period, from the construction of the

1380:

1313:

1272:

1166:

993:

274:

239:

5535:. In Azzoni, Annalisa; Kleinerman, Alexandra; Knight, Douglas A.; Owen, David I. (eds.).4716:

A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy

2020:

was destroyed, and the leadership of the community were deported. The next 50 years, the

7380:

4823:

The Colossian Syncretism: The Interface Between Christianity and Folk Belief at Colossae

7925:

7790:

7736:

7710:

7641:

7347:

6141:

5784:

5742:"'Many nations will be joined to YHWH in that day': The question of YHWH outside Judah"2820:

2739:

2729:

2693:

2664:

2538:

2455:

2306:

2202:

2198:

2086:

2028:

to Yahweh (see below) could not be performed outside Israel, other practices including

2013:

1959:

1908:, Baal may have briefly replaced Yahweh as the national god of Israel (but not Judah).1736:

1428:

1424:

53:

32:

20:

5414:

Edom, Israel's Brother and Antagonist: The Role of Edom in Biblical Prophecy and Story

4932:

Understanding YHWH: The Name of God in Biblical, Rabbinic, and Medieval Jewish Thought

3550:"God's Best 'Frenemy': A New Perspective on YHWH and Baal in Ancient Israel and Judah"2024:, were of pivotal importance to the history of Israelite religion. As the traditional699:

533:

379:

229:

7959:

7626:

7338:

6828:

6802:

6778:

6752:

6728:

6704:

6678:

6028:

5438:

Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah

5160:

4891:

Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah

4431:

2650:

2498:

2310:

2301:

or to Yahweh himself, was a part of Israelite/Judahite religion until the reforms of

2261:

2228:

2049:

2037:

1993:

1974:(near Lachish) he is mentioned as the ruler of Jerusalem and probably also of Judah.1948:

1857:

1819:

1668:

1620:, but its major weaknesses are that the majority of Israelites were firmly rooted in1597:

1549:

1244:

1201:

904:

636:

269:

134:

7658:

4669:"The Role of Archaeological and Literary Remains in Reconstructing Israel's History"1818:

It has been argued that Yahweh was originally described as one of the sons of El in

626:

548:

374:

7903:

7881:

7727:

7432:

6870:

5852:

5557:

A Story of YHWH: Cultural Translation and Subversive Reception in Israelite History

5253:

Interpreting Judean Pillar Figurines: Gender and Empire in Judean Apotropaic Ritual

5038:"A Land Divided: Judah and Israel from the Death of Solomon to the Fall of Samaria"2329:

2143:

2127:

1874:

1870:

1704:

1693:

1655:

1585:

1209:

1170:

1134:

884:

824:

734:

394:

384:

294:

284:

279:

94:

57:

6004:

1915:, there are indications of rejection of Baal worship associated with the prophets1814:, under the inscription "Yahweh of Samaria and his Asherah" (c.800BCE)606:

7284:

7216:

7024:

6919:

Studies in the Cult of Yahweh: Volume Two: New Testament, Christianity, and Magic

6897:

6874:

6708:

6554:

6490:. Translated by Creech, Thomas. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. (published 1874).6345:

6189:

6121:

5764:

5668:

5599:

5555:

5511:

5391:

5370:

5251:

5230:

5206:

5164:

4930:

4865:

4844:

4756:

4735:

4603:

The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayyad Visual Culture

4446:

2450:

texts dating from the 2nd century BCE to the 5th century CE, most notably in the

7908:

7758:

7753:

7741:

7715:

7506:

7496:

7476:

7443:

7280:

7105:

7088:

6232:"A Conversation with My Critics: Cultic Image or Aniconism in the First Temple?"5112:

2302:

2194:

2183:

2179:

1928:

1722:even Sinai at the presence of Yahweh, the God of Israel.1572:, the dominant view is that Yahweh was from the southern region associated with1448:

1243:

Over time the existence of other gods was denied, and Yahweh was proclaimed the

1193:

1043:

1018:

909:

899:

804:

724:

714:

484:

424:

254:

159:

6368:

Biblical History and Israel's Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History

5436:. In Becking, Bob; Dijkstra, Meindert; Korpel, Marjo C.A.; etal. (eds.).5232:

Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel

7698:

7683:

7152:. In Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.).6844:

6083:

Re-Reading the Scriptures: Essays on the Literary History of the Old Testament

3167:

2678:

2640:

2479:

2342:

2273:

2265:

2163:

2123:

2074:

2033:

1936:

1932:

1573:

1487:). Hillel Ben-Sasson states there is insufficient evidence for Amorites using1356:

1355:, the name of God was pronounced only once a year, by the high priest, on the1337:

1248:

1236:

1232:

1217:

1205:

1182:

1158:

1138:

988:

948:

929:

749:

729:

601:

429:

319:

304:

234:

224:

7330:

7114:

6784:

God in Translation: Deities in Cross-Cultural Discourse in the Biblical World

6670:

6661:

6644:

6545:

6536:

6519:

6209:

6101:

Levenson, Jon D. (2014). "Genesis". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc (eds.).

6012:

5688:

4740:

Studies in Biblical Literature. Vol.3. Society of Biblical Literature.

4415:

3573:

3531:

3512:

3495:

523:

7835:

7785:

7558:

7218:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 1, Introduction, The Persian Period

6879:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 1, Introduction: The Persian Period

5118:

Cosmos, Chaos, and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith

4591:

4567:

3565:

2734:

2622:

2434:

imagination". Other scholars argue that there is no certain evidence of any

2413:

2282:

2277:

2025:

1889:

on Earth of the national god. Yahweh filled the role of national god in the

1664:

1660:

1073:

1048:

1038:

1023:

894:

849:

789:

694:

479:

469:

439:

389:

7394:

5659:

4376:

616:

611:

513:

354:

7363:

6852:

5140:. In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (eds.).5018:

Exploring the Religion of Ancient Israel: Prophet, Priest, Sage and People

3730:

Identity in Conflict: The Struggle between Esau and Jacob, Edom and Israel

7918:

7913:

7898:

7852:

7795:

7748:

7592:

7548:

7543:

6481:

5142:

The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books

5061:"Into Exile: From the Assyrian Conquest of Israel to the Fall of Babylon"3281:, "to be, be evident", for at least some portion of these Amorite names."2611:

2595:

2577:

2534:

2426:

2417:

2398:

2394:

2350:

2234:

1967:

1952:

1866:

1823:

1786:

1189:

1178:

1053:

1028:

953:

819:

764:

454:

324:

314:

299:

264:

129:

6734:

The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel

3689:

La fraternité de Jacob et d'Esaü (Gn 25–36): quel frère aîné pour Jacob?

1491:

for gods. But he argues that it mirrors other theophoric names and that

44:

7930:

7862:

7815:

7773:

7732:

7678:

7646:

7631:

7612:

7568:

7563:

7553:

7538:

7533:

6595:

4737:

Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E.

4624:

4547:

3316:

3292:

2714:

2618:

2607:

2586:

2565:

2545:

2530:

2502:

2486:

2463:

2381:

and Dan were also major sites for festivals, sacrifices, the making of

2338:

2325:

2249:

2242:

2217:

2111:

1944:

1924:

1905:

1886:

1878:

1790:

1767:

1685:

1636:

1521:

1283:, the original pronunciation of the god's name was forgotten entirely.1221:

1150:

1063:

1058:

1008:

914:

834:

809:

774:

739:

689:

679:

596:

591:

586:

576:

558:

553:

543:

474:

459:

444:

399:

364:

289:

249:

214:

204:

199:

7286:

The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches

6626:

Bacchius Iudaeus: A Denarius Commemorating Pompey's Victory over Judea

5834:

Among the Host of Heaven: The Syro-Palestinian Pantheon as Bureaucracy

4423:

3522:

2424:

late in the monarchic period: to quote one study, "n early aniconism,

1988:

1755:

Alternatively, parts of the storm god imagery could derive from Baal.

1459:

causes to exist"), commonly denoted as the semantic equivalent of the

7688:

7663:

7602:

7597:

5532:

5393:

Did God Have A Wife?: Archaeology And Folk Religion in Ancient Israel

4583:

2630:

2626:

2590:, Plutarch further notes that the Jews hail their god with cries of "2573:

2518:

2467:

2459:

2421:

2402:

2370:

2366:

2298:

2253:

2246:

2171:

2122:, both prophets of the early Persian period. They saw the messiah in2115:

2095:

2061:

1920:

1916:

1882:

1794:

1782:

1729:

1640:

1613:

1609:

1601:

1557:

1174:

1130:

1078:

1033:

1013:

1003:

998:

978:

973:

958:

943:

939:

859:

829:

814:

799:

794:

779:

754:

719:

704:

684:

664:

631:

621:

570:

508:

419:

209:

169:

149:

139:

104:

89:

7358:. Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente.6587:

6191:

YHWH at Patmos: Rev. 1:4 in Its Hellenistic and Early Jewish Setting

6042:

Yehezkel Kaufmann and the Reinvention of Jewish Biblical Scholarship

6037:

5988:

4997:

The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation Including the Demonic Spells

4953:

Approaching Yehud: New Approaches to the Study of the Persian Period

3549:

3308:

3261:

elements in these names must be understood to reflect the same root

2591:

1763:

6606:

A Social History of Hebrew: Its Origins Through the Rabbinic Period

6463:

The Royal God: Enthronement Festivals in Ancient Israel and Ugarit?

6167:"Yahweh's Asherah, Inclusive Monotheism and the Question of Dating"4611:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprinting), p. 252, entry on4407:

4087:

Taliaferro, Charles; Harrison, Victoria S.; Goetz, Stewart (2012).

7845:

7825:

7768:

7693:

7673:

7619:

7578:

7513:

7501:

6761:

Prayer, Magic, and the Stars in the Ancient and Late Antique World

5136:

Coogan, Michael D.; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (2007).

5095:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 3, The Early Roman Period

2561:

2510:

2506:

2494:

2354:

2320:

2257:

2238:

2175:

2151:

2135:

2056:

1987:

1842:

1805:

1778:

1714:when you marched out of the field of Edom,1654:

1617:

1553:

1534:

1510:

One scholarly theory is that he originated in a shortened form of

1456:

1256:

983:

968:

934:

924:

879:

844:

839:

784:

759:

744:

674:

566:

562:

464:

434:

369:

359:

329:

259:

194:

174:

124:

114:

43:

6040:. In Jindo, Job Y.; Sommer, Benjamin D.; Staubli, Thomas (eds.).4870:. The Mother of the Lord. Vol.1. Bloomsbury T&T Clark.3103:

3101:

3099:

3097:

2598:", phrases associated with the worship of Dionysus. According to1363:, the original pronunciation of the name was forgotten entirely.7867:

7820:

7810:

7805:

7763:

7668:

7607:

7573:

7528:

7523:

7518:

7491:

5493:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

2066:

1901:

1806:

1728:From their courses, they fought against1700:

1689:

1605:

1577:

1561:

1483:

to any human ancestor and combined it with other elements (e.g.

1317:

1260:

1225:

1162:

963:

919:

709:

669:

518:

412:

342:

309:

144:

119:

99:

84:

7405:

7401:

6902:. Leiden, The Netherlands, New York, and Cologne: E. J. Brill.6841:

Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft

6807:"Monotheism and the Redefinition of Divinity in Ancient Israel"5905:

The Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible

5533:"The Name YhwꜢ as a People: Reconsidering the Amorite Evidence"3436:

3434:

2081:, the scriptures were translated into Greek by the Jews of the7935:

7705:

2708:

2569:

2470:. In these texts, he is often mentioned alongside traditional2382:

2162:

Although the specific process by which the Israelites adopted

2085:. Greek translations of the Hebrew scriptures render both the2073:

was permitted to speak the name once in the Temple during the

1826:

for the same deity in the text, based on contextual analysis.

1592:, which holds that traders brought Yahweh to Israel along the1068:

889:

109:

5748:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp.175–87.5629:

Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series

5326:

Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series

4392:"Sabazius and the Jews in Valerius Maximus: a Re-examination"2801:

2775:

1958:

Some scholars date the start of widespread monotheism to the

5878:"Yahweh's "Wife" and Belief in One God in the Old Testament"7636:

5901:"Yahwistic Religion in the Assyrian and Babylonian Periods"4556:

Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World

4359:

Judaism and Hellenism in Antiquity: Conflict or Confluence?

2807:

2781:

2778:

2385:, private rituals, and the adjudication of legal disputes.1255:, speaking the name of Yahweh in public became regarded as1235:

and Yahweh became conflated and El-linked epithets such as

154:

6645:"Signs of YHWH, God of the Hebrews, in New Kingdom Egypt?"5858:

Israelite Religions: An Archaeological and Biblical Survey

5513:

Yahweh before Israel: Glimpses of History in a Divine Name

5372:

Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From

4779:

The Hebrew Bible: A Translation with Commentary (Volume 3)

4448:

Roman Republican Moneyers and Their Coins, 63 B.C.–49 B.C.

3943:

3941:

1192:

literature, he possesses attributes typically ascribed to

6921:. Leiden, The Netherlands, New York, and Cologne: Brill.3837:

3835:

3063:

3061:

2798:

2772:

2077:, but at no other time and in no other place. During the1770:

and the Edomite cult of Qōs hint at a shared connection.

1177:. The origins of his worship reach at least to the early7029:. Vetus Testamentum, Supplements. Vol.187. BRILL.5925:

In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language

4172:

4170:

3970:

3968:

3856:

3854:

3852:

3850:

1383:

place the history of Yahweh into the following periods:

7348:"Toward a new synthesis of the god of Edom and Yaheweh"4673:

The Fabric of History: Text, Artifact and Israel's Past

2985:

2983:

2981:

2438:

representation of Yahweh during the pre-exilic period.

1837:according to the number of the heavenly assembly.5813:

From Gods to God: The Dynamics of Iron Age Cosmologies

5789:"'There Was No King in Israel': The Era of the Judges"5766:

Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?

4615:, cites Juvenal, Petronius, and Florus as examples of3084:

3082:

3080:

3078:

3076:

3036:

3034:

2905:

2903:

2412:

There is no universally accepted explanation for such

2409:) as a footstool, while the throne itself was empty.1831:

When the Most High gave the nations their inheritance,

1718:Yes, the clouds dropped water.1517:

The oldest plausible occurrence of his name is in the

1451:

texts, meaning "brings to life/causes to exist" (e.g.

7261:. In Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John (eds.).7129:. In Platvoet, Jan. G.; Van der Toorn, Karel (eds.).6395:"The Rise of YHWH in Judahite and Israelite Religion"5947:. In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.).5744:. In Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John (eds.).5575:

Freedman, D.N.; O'Connor, M.P.; Ringgren, H. (1986).

5296:. In Stavrakopoulou, Francesca; Barton, John (eds.).2920:

2918:

2804:

1978:

Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods (586–332BCE)

1893:, which emerged in the 10th century BCE; and also in6236:

Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context

6038:"The Rise, Decline and Renewal of Biblical Religion"5880:. In Hoffmeier, James K.; Magary, Dennis R. (eds.).4046:

2405:, their inner wings forming the seat and a box (the1762:, it has also been suggested that the Edomite deity7131:

Pluralism and Identity: Studies in Ritual Behaviour

5700:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).2795:

2769:

2276:wanderings. The festivals thus celebrated Yahweh's1263:instead began to substitute other words, primarily7194:Vriezen, T. C.; van der Woude, Simon Adam (2005).6685:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (eds.).6582:(3). The Society of Biblical Literature: 297–307.4975:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (eds.).4361:. University of Washington Press. pp.38–60.6939:The Bodies of God and the World of Ancient Israel6835:. In Van Oorschot, Jürgen; Witte, Markus (eds.).6574:Rosenberg, Roy A. (1966). "Yahweh Becomes King".2341:featuring a bronze bull reminiscent of Canaanite2004:c.20–10BCE (modern model, 1:50 scale)6961:. In Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine L. (eds.).6399:The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms5470:The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms5208:Divine Doppelgängers: YHWH's Ancient Look-Alikes4558:(Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. 41, 79–80.2529:, which may be translated as either "The Jewish31:. For the name "YHWH" and its vocalization, see7263:Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah6811:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Ancient Israel6419:Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction5746:Religious diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah5604:The Wiley-Blackwell History of Jews and Judaism5466:"Tracking Observance of the Aniconic Tradition"5459:. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. pp.70 and 263.5298:Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah4846:The Great Angel: A Study of Israel's Second God2328:dedicates the Temple at Jerusalem (painting by1828:

1709:

6389:Continuum International Publishing Group, 20105903:. In Kelle, Brad E.; Strawn, Brent A. (eds.).5169:(2nded.). Presbyterian Publishing Corp.4224:

4200:

3598:

2870:

56:, possibly representing Yahweh enthroned on a7417:

7197:Ancient Israelite And Early Jewish Literature7155:Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible6875:"Jewish Religious Life in the Persian Period"6387:Cognitive Perspectives on Israelite Identity,5966:King, Philip J.; Stager, Lawrence E. (2001).5907:. Oxford University Press. pp.241–253.5000:(2nded.). University of Chicago Press.4800:Monotheism and Yahweh's Appropriation of Baal4698:. Oxford University Press. pp.219–248.4605:(Brill, 2001), pp. 81 and 83 (note 118). The3715:Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible3476:

3464:

3452:

3440:

1904:, and particularly following his marriage to1343:!" The sacrality of the name, as well as the1212:and worshipped Yahweh alongside a variety of1107:

8:

7265:. Continuum International Publishing Group.7026:The "God of Israel" in History and Tradition6963:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion6833:"Proposals for the Original Profile of YHWH"6365:Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011).6105:(Seconded.). Oxford University Press.5624:No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel5579:. In Botterweck, G.J.; Ringgren, H. (eds.).5300:. Continuum International Publishing Group.3826:

3178:

2541:, who was overthrown by Pompey's campaign.2430:or otherwise, is purely a projection of the2197:of all the earth is first elaborated by the1966:aggression. In an inscription discovered in1415:Late Bronze Age origins (1550–1200BCE)1303:

6917:Smith, Morton; Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1996b).6896:Smith, Morton; Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1996a).5810:Halpern, Baruch; Adams, Matthew J. (2009).5631:. Vol.241. Sheffield Academic Press.5581:Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament5328:. Vol.265. Sheffield Academic Press.5321:Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan4523:

4483:

3681:

3679:

3413:

3377:

3107:

2894:

2268:from Egypt, Shavuot with the law-giving at2036:gained new significance. In the writing of60:. This identification is disputed, however.7424:

7410:

7402:

7319:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament7315:"Yahweh, the Canaanite God of Metallurgy?"6255:"Kinship and Kingship: The early Monarchy"6147:Israel's History and the History of Israel6062:Experiencing God: Theology as Spirituality5884:. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. pp.459–76.5670:Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction5271:Davies, Philip R.; Rogerson, John (2005).5093:; Davies, W. D.; Horbury, William (eds.).4627:; also, to some symbolization of Jehovah."3692:(in French). Labor et Fides. p.257.3329:

3277:show the viability of a West Semitic root3155:

1720:The mountains quaked at Yahweh's presence,1279:and destruction of its Temple, in 701114:

1100:

63:

7104:

6759:. In Noegel, Scott; Walker, Joel (eds.).6660:

6535:

6323:Miller, James M.; Hayes, John H. (1986).6234:. In Amit, Yaira; Naʼaman, Nadav (eds.).6065:. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers.5600:"Priests and Levites in the Hebrew Bible"4590:1.40 (3.5.30): "The Jews tried to defend4535:

4511:

4471:

4284:

4272:

4137:

3521:

3511:

3202:

2106:Israel as Yahweh's representative at the1716:the earth trembled, the sky also dropped.1431:3:14, appearing to be a late theological7006:The Oxford History of the Biblical World6259:The Oxford History of the Biblical World5793:The Oxford History of the Biblical World5722:An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism5065:The Oxford History of the Biblical World5042:The Oxford History of the Biblical World4495:

4113:

3947:

3908:

3790:

3670:

3389:

3293:"Was Yahweh Originally a Creator Deity?"3266:

2313:played little role in official worship.1304:

6499:. In Bromiley, Geoffrey William (ed.).6484:(n.d.). Goodwin, William Watson (ed.).4260:

4176:

4070:

3974:

3841:

3658:

3250:

3052:

3013:

2948:

2909:

2882:

2858:

2851:

2757:

2189:Finally, in the national crisis of the2138:(i.e. a descendant). From these ideas,1839:For the Lord's allotment is his people,1200:, fructifying the land and leading the66:

48:A 4th-century BCE silver coin from the7127:"Ritual Resistance and Self-Assertion"4320:

4248:

4188:

4161:

4149:

4034:

3998:

3884:

3872:

3860:

3622:

3425:

3401:

3341:

3131:

2936:

2285:1–16, with their stress on purity and6326:A History of Ancient Israel and Judah4344:

4332:

4296:

4236:

4212:

4101:

4058:

4022:

4010:

3959:

3932:

3920:

3896:

3814:

3767:

3755:

3646:

3634:

3610:

3586:

3543:

3541:

3489:

3487:

3485:

3353:

3238:

3226:

3190:

3143:

3119:

3088:

3067:

3040:

3025:

3001:

2989:

2972:

2960:

2924:

2835:

2580:used to argue that Jews worshipped a1835:he set the boundaries of the peoples,1548:) in an inscription from the time of7:

8026:Religion in ancient Israel and Judah6446:, Wilfrid Laurier University Press,6443:Yahweh: The Divine Name in the Bible6397:. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.).5468:. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.).5187:The Social Roots of Biblical Yahwism4671:. In Edelman, Diana Vikander (ed.).4308:

4125:

3986:

3802:

3214:

1939:came to be applied to Yahweh alone.1204:against Israel's enemies. The early5294:"Urban Religion and Rural Religion"3365:

2824:

2704:History of ancient Israel and Judah2602:, Greek speakers may have confused2309:, but again the details are scant.1833:when he divided up humankind,1651:Early Iron Age (1200–1000BCE)6757:"Astral Religion and the Divinity"6460:Petersen, Allan Rosengren (1998).6257:. In Coogan, Michael David (ed.).6222:The New Jerome Biblical Commentary5791:. In Coogan, Michael David (ed.).5457:The Religion and Culture of Israel5352:Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader5190:. Society of Biblical Literature.5063:. In Coogan, Michael David (ed.).5040:. In Coogan, Michael David (ed.).4650:Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader4047:Coogan, Brettler & Newsom 20072361:, both in the territory of Judah.2297:, whether to the underworld deity1712:Yahweh, when you went out of Seir,1671:), representing El, Baal or Yahweh1659:Early Iron Age bull figurine from1280:

1275:"). In Roman times, following the1090:Religions of the ancient Near East14:

7259:"Royal Religion in Ancient Judah"6603:Schniedewind, William M. (2013).5667:Golden, Jonathan Michael (2009).5489:"Early Forms of Jewish Mysticism"5348:"Religion and Cult in the Levant"4694:. In Tiemeyer, Lena-Sofia (ed.).4390:Lane, Eugene N. (November 1979).4089:The Routledge Companion to Theism2629:, identified Yahweh with the god2584:form of Bacchus–Dionysus. In his2289:, were introduced only after the2158:Yahweh and the rise of monotheism2114:. The first to mention this were1802:Late Iron Age (1000–586BCE)1612:in the biblical stories, and the1427:"), the explanation presented in1361:destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE7069:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible6687:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible6501:The Encyclodedia of Christianity6278:"Aniconism in the Old Testament"6230:Mettinger, Tryggve N.D. (2006).5702:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible4977:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible3686:Manyanya, Lévi Ngangura (2009).2791:

2765:

2657:

2643:

2446:Yahweh is frequently invoked in2349:on Israel's northern border, at1396:Neo-Babylonian: 586–539BCE6877:. In Finkelstein, Louis (ed.).6329:. Westminster John Knox Press.6308:. Westminster John Knox Press.6123:The Origin and Character of God5972:. Westminster John Knox Press.4971:Betz, Arnold Gottfried (2000).4887:"The Gods in Whom They Trusted"4849:. Westminster John Knox Press.4667:Ahlström, Gösta Werner (1991).1962:, and view it as a response to1387:Late Bronze: 1550–1200BCE7313:Amzallag, Nissim (June 2009).7221:. Cambridge University Press.6942:. Cambridge University Press.6881:. Cambridge University Press.6576:Journal of Biblical Literature6347:Yahweh: Origin of a Desert God6305:The Religion of Ancient Israel6284:. Cambridge University Press.6171:In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel5993:Journal of Biblical Literature5949:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible5704:. Amsterdam University Press.5602:. In Alan T., Levenson (ed.).5516:. Cambridge University Press.5495:. Cambridge University Press.5097:. Cambridge University Press.5087:"The Temple and the Synagogue"3297:Journal of Biblical Literature1726:From the sky the stars fought.1663:at Dhahrat et-Tawileh (modern1447:), found in personal names in1393:Iron Age II: 1000–586BCE1390:Iron Age I: 1200–1000BCE1298:The god's name was written in1:

7173:Van der Toorn, Karel (1996).7148:Van der Toorn, Karel (1999).6643:Shalomi Hen, Racheli (2021).6344:Miller II, Robert D. (2021).6021:10.15699/jbl.1381.2019.5087166005:10.15699/jbl.1381.2019.5087165696:Gorman, Frank H. Jr. (2000).5350:. In Richard, Suzanne (ed.).5205:Cornell, Collin, ed. (2021).4696:The Oxford Handbook of Isaiah4648:. In Richard, Suzanne (ed.).2617:Other Roman writers, such as1881:was the god of the Moabites,1251:to be worshipped. During the6957:Sommer, Benjamin D. (2011).6936:Sommer, Benjamin D. (2009).6559:. Harvard University Press.6224:. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.5531:Fleming, Daniel E. (2020b).5491:. In Katz, Steven T. (ed.).5455:Eakin, Frank E. Jr. (1971).5235:. Harvard University Press.5036:Campbell, Edward F. (2001).4396:The Journal of Roman Studies2521:to celebrate his successful2393:Yahweh-worship was famously1812:jar found at Kuntillet Ajrud1777:Unlike the chief god of the1758:From the perspective of the1214:Canaanite gods and goddesses7991:Deities in the Hebrew Bible7386:Biblical Archaeology Review7242:. Oxford University Press.7239:The Early History of Heaven7106:10.47182/rb.85.n1-2-20233497087:Tebes, Juan Manuel (2023).7008:. Oxford University Press.6980:Sperling, S. David (2017).6965:. Oxford University Press.6809:. In Niditch, Susan (ed.).6713:. Oxford University Press.6518:Pyschny, Katharina (2021).6261:. Oxford University Press.6188:McDonough, Sean M. (1999).6126:. Oxford University Press.6120:Lewis, Theodore J. (2020).5951:. Mercer University Press.5795:. Oxford University Press.5740:Grabbe, Lester L. (2010b).5673:. Oxford University Press.5621:Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997).5598:Geller, Stephen A. (2012).5510:Fleming, Daniel E. (2020).5432:Dijkstra, Meindert (2001).5369:Dever, William G. (2003b).5166:Stories from Ancient Canaan5144:. Oxford University Press.5067:. Oxford University Press.5044:. Oxford University Press.4935:. Palgrave Macmillan Cham.4929:Ben-Sasson, Hillel (2019).4908:Bennett, Harold V. (2002).4821:Arnold, Clinton E. (1996).4797:Anderson, James S. (2015).4347:, pp.11, 16, 80, 126.2332:or follower, c. 1896–1902).2142:would later emerge, whence1891:kingdom of Israel (Samaria)1185:, if not somewhat earlier.8064:

7236:Wright, J. Edward (2002).7023:Stahl, Michael J. (2021).6737:(2nded.). Eerdmans.6276:MacDonald, Nathan (2007).5943:Humphries, W. Lee (1990).5719:Grabbe, Lester L. (2010).5464:Edelman, Diana V. (1995).5390:Dever, William G. (2005).5292:Davies, Philip R. (2010).4994:Betz, Hans Dieter (1996).4755:Allen, Spencer L. (2015).4225:Davies & Rogerson 20054201:Davies & Rogerson 20053548:Stahl, Michael J. (2021).3494:Frevel, Christian (2021).2815:in English; ‬𐤉𐤄𐤅𐤄 in2711:, a short form of the name2684:God in Abrahamic religions2226:

2215:

2099:(κύριος), meaning "Lord".1981:

1845:is his special possession.1507:which means "he will be".1286:Yahweh is also invoked in29:God in Abrahamic religions18:

7487:

7439:

7381:"Yahweh's Desert Origins"7045:Stavrakopoulou, Francesca6813:. John Wiley & Sons.6609:. Yale University Press.6503:. Vol.5. Eerdmans.6280:. In Gordon, R.P. (ed.).6080:Levin, Christoph (2013).5987:Kitz, Anne Marie (2019).5899:Hess, Richard S. (2020).5876:Hess, Richard S. (2012).5831:Handy, Lowell K. (1994).5583:. Vol.5. Eerdmans.5277:. Westminster John Knox.5184:Cook, Stephen L. (2004).5121:. Yale University Press.5059:Cogan, Mordechai (2001).4950:Berquist, Jon L. (2007).4889:. In Becking, Bob (ed.).4864:Barker, Margaret (2012).4719:. Westminster John Knox.4690:Albani, Matthias (2020).4451:Seaby. pp.115–118.3935:, pp.8, 33–34, 135.3291:Hyatt, J. Philip (1967).2825:

2264:of Israel: Passover with2044:to the Persian conqueror1873:associated with specific1399:Persian: 539–332BCE1349:taking the name 'in vain'1309:

1268:

1181:, and likely to the Late1153:and its other descendant7331:10.1177/03090892091056866662:10.46586/er.12.2021.94636624:Scott, James M. (2015).6537:10.46586/er.12.2021.92636385:Nestor, Dermot Anthony,6059:Leech, Kenneth (2002) .5554:Flynn, Shawn W. (2019).5015:Chalmers, Aaron (2012).4734:Albertz, Rainer (2003).4713:Albertz, Rainer (1994).4445:Harlan, Michael (1995).3513:10.46586/er.12.2021.87762873:, pp.411–412, 742.2699:Historicity of the Bible2674:Ancient Semitic religion1631:and was promoted in the1499:, derives from the root1336:and in phrases such as "7257:Wyatt, Nicolas (2010).6393:Niehr, Herbert (1995).5969:Life in Biblical Israel5763:Grabbe, Lester (2007).5274:The Old Testament World5138:"Editors' Introduction"4608:Oxford Latin Dictionary4524:Smith & Cohen 1996a4484:Smith & Cohen 1996a4357:Levine, Lee I. (1998).3566:10.2143/SE.63.0.32898963108:Smith & Cohen 1996b2895:Miller & Hayes 19862720:Names of God in Judaism2442:Graeco-Roman syncretism2223:Festivals and sacrifice1854:New English Translation1639:. Frevel suggests that1149:, and later the god of37:Yahweh (disambiguation)16:Ancient Levantine deity8001:Judeo-Christian topics7971:Children of El (deity)6837:The Origins of Yahwism6553:Römer, Thomas (2015).6495:Preuss, Horst (2008).6487:Quaestiones Convivales6401:. Peeters Publishers.6253:Meyers, Carol (2001).6169:. In Day, John (ed.).6103:The Jewish Study Bible6036:Knohl, Israel (2017).5922:Hoffman, Joel (2004).5660:10.1006/reli.1999.01985487:Elior, Rachel (2006).5472:. Peeters Publishers.4867:The Lady in the Temple4776:Alter, Robert (2018).4692:"Monotheism in Isaiah"4570:, frg. 37.2; Schäfer,4554:14.97; Peter Schäfer,3887:, p.unpaginated.3156:King & Stager 20012587:Quaestiones Convivales2558:Marcus Terentius Varro2333:

2272:, and Sukkot with the2126:, a descendant of the2005:

1863:

1815:

1753:

1672:

61:

35:. For other uses, see7379:Tebes, J. M. (2022).6983:Ve-Eileh Divrei David6853:10.1515/97831104482216165:Mastin, B.A. (2005).4885:Becking, Bob (2001).4761:. Walter de Gruyter.4601:Finbarr Barry Flood,4287:, pp.21, 26–27.2324:

2237:with the birthing of2140:Second Temple Judaism2071:High Priest of Israel2065:(אֲדֹנָי‬), meaning "1991:

1984:Second Temple Judaism1869:saw the emergence of1809:

1658:

1616:or Midianite ties of1552:(1390–1352 BCE), the1533:(in) the Land of the1495:, or more accurately1316:), transliterated as47:

7779:Sanghyang Adi Buddha7123:Van der Toorn, Karel6763:. Penn State Press.6556:The Invention of God6416:Noll, K. L. (2001).5411:Dicou, Bert (1994).5250:Darby, Erin (2014).5211:. Penn State Press.5159:Coogan, Michael D.;3613:, pp.7, 19–31.3229:, pp.211, 215.2975:, pp.8, 33–34.2725:Sacred Name Movement2472:Graeco-Roman deities2452:Greek Magical Papyri2448:Graeco-Roman magical2042:Babylon in turn fell1900:During the reign of1512:ˀel ḏū yahwī ṣabaˀôt1409:Second Temple period1353:Second Temple period1253:Second Temple period1231:In later centuries,529:Hutena and Hutellura8021:Reconstructed words7721:God the Holy Spirit7346:Kelley, J. (2009).6649:Entangled Religions6524:Entangled Religions6438:Parke-Taylor, G. H.5698:"Feasts, Festivals"5606:. Wiley-Blackwell.4623:"with reference to4526:, pp.232–233.4335:, pp.169–172.4299:, pp.293–297.4275:, pp.288–290.4227:, pp.158–165.4203:, pp.151–152.4104:, pp.70, 263.4061:, pp.182–183.3911:, pp.221–222.3805:, pp.103–104.3661:, pp.158–160.3649:, pp.171–172.3599:Stavrakopoulou 20213500:Entangled Religions3467:, pp.247–248.3110:, pp.242–256.2871:Stavrakopoulou 20212689:God in Christianity2407:Ark of the Covenant1931:and worship on the1850:Book of Deuteronomy1744:World English Bible1688:, his consort, and1155:Abrahamic religions582:Ninatta and Kulitta25:God in Christianity7976:Conceptions of God6300:Miller, Patrick D.6044:. Academic Press.5989:"The Verb *yahway"5861:. Baker Academic.5227:Cross, Frank Moore5091:Finkelstein, Louis5083:Cohen, Shaye J. D.3989:, p.247–248.3780:Deuteronomy 32:8–93477:Van der Toorn 19953465:Van der Toorn 19953455:, pp.912–13.3453:Van der Toorn 19993441:Van der Toorn 19993319:– via JSTOR.3217:, pp.42, 57.3028:, pp.8, 135.2951:, pp.158–59.2572:, and clusters of2523:conquest of Judaea2454:, under the names2334:

2079:Hellenistic period2008:In 587/6BCE2006:

1820:Deuteronomy 32:8–91816:

1673:

1556:being nomads from1288:Papyrus Amherst 631277:Siege of Jerusalem561:dynastic deities (62:

8046:West Semitic gods7953:

7952:

7894:Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto7449:In Zoroastrianism7296:978-0-8264-6339-57272:978-0-567-03216-47249:978-0-19-534849-17228:978-0-521-21880-17207:978-90-04-12427-17186:978-90-04-10410-57165:978-0-8028-2491-27140:978-90-04-10373-37079:978-90-5356-503-27058:978-1-5098-6734-97036:978-90-04-44772-17015:978-0-19-513937-26993:978-90-04-34087-96972:978-0-19-973004-96949:978-0-521-51872-76928:978-90-04-10479-26909:978-90-04-10477-86888:978-0-521-21880-16862:978-3-11-044711-86820:978-0-470-65677-86794:978-3-16-149543-46770:978-0-271-04600-66744:978-0-8028-3972-56720:978-0-19-516768-96696:978-90-5356-503-26635:978-3-525-54045-96616:978-0-300-17668-16566:978-0-674-50497-46510:978-0-8028-2417-26473:978-1-85075-864-86466:. A&C Black.6453:978-0-88920-013-56429:978-1-84127-258-06422:. A&C Black.6408:978-90-5356-503-26378:978-0-8028-6260-06357:978-3-647-54086-36336:978-0-664-21262-96315:978-0-664-22145-46291:978-0-521-87365-96282:The God of Israel6268:978-0-19-513937-26245:978-1-57506-128-36218:McKenzie, John L.6201:978-3-16-147055-46180:978-0-567-24554-06157:978-1-317-48893-46133:978-0-19-007254-46112:978-0-19-997846-56093:978-3-16-152207-96072:978-1-57910-613-36051:978-3-525-54414-35979:978-0-664-22148-55958:978-0-86554-373-75935:978-0-8147-3706-45914:978-0-19-026116-05891:978-1-4335-2574-25868:978-0-8010-2717-85844:978-0-931464-84-35823:978-3-16-149902-95802:978-0-19-513937-25776:978-0-567-03254-65769:. A&C Black.5755:978-0-567-03216-45732:978-0-567-55248-85725:. A&C Black.5711:978-1-57506-083-55680:978-0-19-537985-35638:978-0-567-37415-85613:978-1-118-23293-45590:978-0-8028-2329-85567:978-1-317-24713-55546:978-1-57506-741-45523:978-1-108-83507-75502:978-0-521-77248-85479:978-90-5356-503-25447:978-1-84127-199-65440:. A&C Black.5424:978-1-85075-458-95417:. A&C Black.5403:978-0-8028-2852-15382:978-0-8028-4416-35361:978-1-57506-083-55344:Dever, William G.5335:978-0-567-53783-65307:978-0-567-03216-45284:978-0-567-08488-05263:978-3-16-152492-95218:978-1-64602-093-55197:978-1-58983-098-15176:978-90-5356-503-25151:978-0-19-528880-35128:978-0-300-09088-85104:978-0-521-24377-35074:978-0-19-513937-25051:978-0-19-513937-25028:978-0-281-06900-25007:978-0-226-04447-74986:978-90-5356-503-24963:978-1-58983-145-24942:978-3-030-32312-74921:978-0-8028-3909-14900:978-0-567-23212-04893:. A&C Black.4877:978-0-567-36246-94856:978-0-664-25395-04832:978-1-4982-1757-64813:978-0-567-66396-24789:978-0-393-29250-34768:978-1-5015-0022-04747:978-1-58983-055-44726:978-0-664-22719-74705:978-0-19-066924-94682:978-0-567-49110-74675:. A&C Black.4659:978-1-57506-083-54538:, pp.89–90.4368:978-0-295-97682-23899:, pp.71–72.3827:Schniedewind 20133743:978-1-575-06418-53699:978-2-8309-1253-13637:, pp.19–31.3368:, pp.13–14.3332:, pp.55–56.3241:, pp.61–63.3179:Parke-Taylor 19753070:, pp.59–60.3004:, pp.96–97.2885:, pp.26–27.2823:in block script:2600:Sean M. McDonough2517:A coin issued by2182:rather than true2083:Egyptian diaspora1760:Kenite hypothesis1629:Kingdom of Israel1590:Kenite hypothesis1468:Frank Moore Cross1173:, and later with1124:

1123:

69:ancient Near East8053:

7426:

7419:

7412:

7403:

7398:

7367:

7342:

7300:

7276:

7253:

7232:

7211:

7190:

7169:

7144:

7118:

7108:

7083:

7062:

7040:

7019:

7002:Stager, Lawrence6997:

6976:

6953:

6932:

6913:

6892:

6866:

6824:

6798:

6787:. Mohr Siebeck.6774:

6748:

6724:

6700:

6674:

6664:

6639:

6620:

6599:

6570:

6549:

6539:

6514:

6491:

6477:

6456:

6433:

6412:

6382:

6361:

6340:

6319:

6295:

6272:

6249:

6225:

6213:

6184:

6161:

6137:

6116:

6097:

6086:. Mohr Siebeck.6076:

6055:

6032:

5983:

5962:

5939:

5918:

5895:

5872:

5853:Hess, Richard S.5848:

5827:

5816:. Mohr Siebeck.5806:

5780:

5759:

5736:

5715:

5692:

5663:

5642:

5617:

5594:

5571:

5550:

5527:

5506:

5483:

5460:

5451:

5428:

5407:

5386:

5365:

5339:

5311:

5288:

5267:

5256:. Mohr Siebeck.5246:

5222:

5201:

5180:

5155:

5132:

5108:

5078:

5055:

5032:

5011:

4990:

4967:

4946:

4925:

4904:

4881:

4860:

4841:Barker, Margaret4836:

4825:. Mohr Siebeck.4817:

4805:

4793:

4782:. W. W. Norton.4772:

4751:

4730:

4709:

4686:

4663:

4628:

4581:

4575:

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4509:

4503:

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4210:

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4147:

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4135:

4129:

4123:

4117:

4111:

4105:

4099:

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4078:

4068:

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4038:

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4026:

4020:

4014:

4008:

4002:

3996:

3990:

3984:

3978:

3972:

3963:

3957:

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3924:

3918:

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3876:

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3858:

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3824:

3818:

3812:

3806:

3800:

3794:

3788:

3782:

3777:

3771:

3765:

3759:

3753:

3747:

3735:Penn State Press3725:

3719:

3710:

3704:

3703:

3683:

3674:

3668:

3662:

3656:

3650:

3644:

3638:

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3620:

3614:

3608:

3602:

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3584:

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3577:

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3535:

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3515:

3491:

3480:

3474:

3468:

3462:

3456:

3450:

3444:

3438:

3429:

3423:

3417:

3414:Shalomi Hen 20213411:

3405:

3399:

3393:

3387:

3381:

3378:Shalomi Hen 20213375:

3369:

3363:

3357:

3351:

3345:

3339:

3333:

3327:

3321:

3320:

3288:

3282:

3248:

3242:

3236:

3230:

3224:

3218:

3212:

3206:

3200:

3194:

3188:

3182:

3176:

3170:

3165:

3159:

3158:, p.xxiii.3153:

3147:

3141:

3135:

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3117:

3111:

3105:

3092:

3086:

3071:

3065:

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3017:

3011:

3005:

2999:

2993:

2987:

2976:

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2964:

2958:

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2940:

2934:

2928:

2922:

2913:

2907:

2898:

2892:

2886:

2880:

2874:

2868:

2862:

2856:

2840:

2839:

2837:[jahˈwe]2829:

2827:

2814:

2813:

2810:

2809:

2806:

2803:

2800:

2797:

2788:

2787:

2784:

2783:

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2777:

2774:

2771:

2762:

2667:

2662:

2661:

2660:

2653:

2648:

2647:

2646:

2527:BACCHIVS IVDAEVS2476:Egyptian deities2295:infant sacrifice2291:Babylonian exile2191:Babylonian exile2148:Rabbinic Judaism2075:Day of Atonement2022:Babylonian exile2018:Solomon's Temple1972:Khirbet Beit Lei1772:Doeg the Edomite1677:material culture1633:Kingdom of Judah1544:

1421:ehyeh ašer ehyeh1357:Day of Atonement1311:

1307:

1306:

1282:

1270:

1116:

1109:

1102:

770:Kothar-wa-Khasis78:Ancient Egyptian64:

8063:

8062:

8056:

8055:

8054:

8052:

8051:

8050:

7981:Creator deities7956:

7955:

7954:

7949:

7831:Nzambi a Mpungu7652:Svayam Bhagavan7483:

7462:In Christianity7435:

7430:

7395:123456789/150517378:

7375:

7370:

7352:Antiguo Oriente7345:

7312:

7308:

7306:Further reading7303:

7297:

7279:

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7256:

7250:

7235:

7229:

7214:

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7193:

7187:

7172:

7166:

7147:

7141:

7121:

7093:Revista Bíblica7086:

7080:

7065:

7059:

7049:God: An Anatomy7043:

7037:

7022:

7016:

7000:

6994:

6979:

6973:

6959:"God, Names of"6956:

6950:

6935:

6929:

6916:

6910:

6895:

6889:

6869:

6863:

6827:

6821:

6801:

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6703:

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6623:

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6602:

6588:10.2307/32642436573:

6567:

6552:

6517:

6511:

6494:

6480:

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6436:

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6409:

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6364:

6358:

6343:

6337:

6322:

6316:

6298:

6292:

6275:

6269:

6252:

6246:

6238:. Eisenbrauns.6229:

6216:

6202:

6187:

6181:

6164:

6158:

6142:Liverani, Mario6140:

6134:

6119:

6113:

6100:

6094:

6079:

6073:

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5945:"God, Names of"5942:

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5837:. Eisenbrauns.5830:

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5785:Hackett, Jo Ann5783:

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5539:. Eisenbrauns.5530:

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5354:. Eisenbrauns.5342:

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4706:

4689:

4683:

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4660:

4652:. Eisenbrauns.4642:Ackerman, Susan4640:

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2576:, a similarity2554:Cornelius Labeo2550:John the Lydian2499:cultural heroes2444:

2436:anthropomorphic2399:standing stones2391:

2319:

2262:national mythos2231:

2225:

2220:

2214:

2203:6th-century BCE2160:

2046:Cyrus the Great2032:observance and2014:Neo-Babylonians1986:

1980:

1960:8th century BCE1913:9th century BCE1862:

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67:Deities of the40:

17:

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8061:

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8041:Tetragrammaton8038:

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7711:God the Father7703:

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4806:. Bloomsbury.4794:

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4540:

4536:McDonough 19994528:

4516:

4512:McDonough 19994504:

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4349:

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4325:

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4301:

4289:

4285:MacDonald 20074277:

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4253:

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4239:, p.302.4229:

4217:

4215:, p.118.4205:

4193:

4191:, p.458.4181:

4166:

4164:, p.145.4154:

4152:, p.226.4142:

4140:, p.297.4138:Rosenberg 19664130:

4128:, p.917.4118:

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4094:

4079:

4063:

4051:

4039:

4027:

4025:, p.274.4015:

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3991:

3979:

3964:

3962:, p.287.3952:

3950:, p.254.3937:

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3913:

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3889:

3877:

3865:

3863:, p.112.3846:

3844:, p.156.3831:

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3817:, p.203.3807:

3795:

3783:

3772:

3760:

3758:, p.177.3748:

3720:

3705:

3698:

3675:

3673:, p.101.3663:

3651:

3639:

3627:

3625:, p.182.3615:

3603:

3601:, p.395.3591:

3579:

3537:

3481:

3479:, p.248.3469:

3457:

3445:

3443:, p.912.3430:

3428:, p.153.3418:

3406:

3404:, p.151.3394:

3392:, p.100.3382:

3370:

3358:

3346:

3334:

3322:

3303:(4): 369–377.3283:

3243:

3231:

3219:

3207:

3203:Miller II 20213195:

3193:, p.214.3183:

3171:

3160:

3148:

3136:

3134:, p.823.3124:

3112:

3093:

3072:

3057:

3045:

3030:

3018:

3006:

2994:

2992:, p.222.2977:

2965:

2953:

2941:

2929:

2914:

2899:

2897:, p.110.2887:

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2863:

2861:, p.190.2850:

2848:

2845:

2842:

2841:

2756:

2755:

2753:

2750:

2748:

2745:

2743:

2742:

2740:Tutelary deity2737:

2732:

2730:Tetragrammaton2727:

2722:

2717:

2712:

2706:

2701:

2696:

2694:God in Judaism2691:

2686:

2681:

2676:

2670:

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2668:

2665:Judaism portal2654:

2638:

2635:

2606:words such as2544:In any event,2539:Aristobulus II2443:

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1810:Painting on a1803:

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1652:

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54:Yehud Medinata33:Tetragrammaton21:God in Judaism15:

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7422:

7420:

7415:

7413:

7408:

7407:

7404:

7396:

7392:

7388:

7387:

7382:

7377:

7376:

7372:

7365:

7361:

7357:

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7344:

7340:

7336:

7332:

7328:

7324:

7320:

7316:

7311:

7310:

7305:

7298:

7292:

7289:. Continuum.7288:

7287:

7282:

7278:

7274:

7268:

7264:

7260:

7255:

7251:

7245:

7241:

7240:

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7230:

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7219:

7213:

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7112:

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7098:

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7054:

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7017:

7011:

7007:

7003:

6999:

6995:

6989:

6985:

6984:

6978:

6974:

6968:

6964:

6960:

6955:

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6920:

6915:

6911:

6905:

6901:

6900:

6894:

6890:

6884:

6880:

6876:

6872:

6871:Smith, Morton6868:

6864:

6858:

6854:

6850:

6846:

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6706:

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6380:

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6317:

6311:

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6270:

6264:

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6256:

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6237:

6233:

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6219:

6215:

6211:

6207:

6203:

6197:

6193:

6192:

6186:

6182:

6176:

6172:

6168:

6163:

6159:

6153:

6150:. Routledge.6149:

6148:

6143:

6139:

6135:

6129:

6125:

6124:

6118:

6114:

6108:

6104:

6099:

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6018:

6014:

6010:

6006:

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5998:

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5990:

5985:

5981:

5975:

5971:

5970:

5964:

5960:

5954:

5950:

5946:

5941:

5937:

5931:

5928:. NYU Press.5927:

5926:

5920:

5916:

5910:

5906:

5902:

5897:

5893:

5887:

5883:

5879:

5874:

5870:

5864:

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5859:

5854:

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5825:

5819:

5815:

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5808:

5804:

5798:

5794:

5790:

5786:

5782:

5778:

5772:

5768:

5767:

5761:

5757:

5751:

5747:

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5728:

5724:

5723:

5717:

5713:

5707:

5703:

5699:

5694:

5690:

5686:

5682:

5676:

5672:

5671:

5665:

5661:

5657:

5654:(4): 315–36.5653:

5649:

5644:

5640:

5634:

5630:

5626:

5625:

5619:

5615:

5609:

5605:

5601:

5596:

5592:

5586:

5582:

5578:

5573:

5569:

5563:

5560:. Routledge.5559:

5558:

5552:

5548:

5542:

5538:

5534:

5529:

5525:

5519:

5515:

5514:

5508:

5504:

5498:

5494:

5490:

5485:

5481:

5475:

5471:

5467:

5462:

5458:

5453:

5449:

5443:

5439:

5435:

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5426:

5420:

5416:

5415:

5409:

5405:

5399:

5395:

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5367:

5363:

5357:

5353:

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5341:

5337:

5331:

5327:

5323:

5322:

5317:

5313:

5309:

5303:

5299:

5295:

5290:

5286:

5280:

5276:

5275:

5269:

5265:

5259:

5255:

5254:

5248:

5244:

5242:0-674-09176-05238:

5234:

5233:

5228:

5224:

5220:

5214:

5210:

5209:

5203:

5199:

5193:

5189:

5188:

5182:

5178:

5172:

5168:

5167:

5162:

5157:

5153:

5147:

5143:

5139:

5134:

5130:

5124:

5120:

5119:

5114:

5110:

5106:

5100:

5096:

5092:

5088:

5084:

5080:

5076:

5070:

5066:

5062:

5057:

5053:

5047:

5043:

5039:

5034:

5030:

5024:

5020:

5019:

5013:

5009:

5003:

4999:

4998:

4992:

4988:

4982:

4978:

4974:

4969:

4965:

4959:

4956:. SBL Press.4955:

4954:

4948:

4944:

4938:

4934:

4933:

4927:

4923:

4917:

4913:

4912:

4906:

4902:

4896:

4892:

4888:

4883:

4879:

4873:

4869:

4868:

4862:

4858:

4852:

4848:

4847:

4842:

4838:

4834:

4828:

4824:

4819:

4815:

4809:

4802:

4801:

4795:

4791:

4785:

4781:

4780:

4774:

4770:

4764:

4760:

4759:

4753:

4749:

4743:

4739:

4738:

4732:

4728:

4722:

4718:

4717:

4711:

4707:

4701:

4697:

4693:

4688:

4684:

4678:

4674:

4670:

4665:

4661:

4655:

4651:

4647:

4643:

4639:

4638:

4633:

4626:

4622:

4618:

4614:

4610:

4609:

4604:

4600:

4596:

4593:

4589:

4585:

4580:

4577:

4573:

4569:

4564:

4561:

4557:

4553:

4549:

4544:

4541:

4537:

4532:

4529:

4525:

4520:

4517:

4514:, p.89.4513:

4508:

4505:

4501:

4500:"Question VI"4497:

4496:Plutarch n.d.4492:

4489:

4485:

4480:

4477:

4474:, p.88.4473:

4468:

4465:

4460:

4458:0-7134-7672-94454:

4450:

4449:

4441:

4438:

4433:

4429:

4425:

4421:

4417:

4413:

4409:

4405:

4401:

4397:

4393:

4386:

4383:

4378:

4374:

4370:

4364:

4360:

4353:

4350:

4346:

4341:

4338:

4334:

4329:

4326:

4322:

4317:

4314:

4310:

4305:

4302:

4298:

4293:

4290:

4286:

4281:

4278:

4274:

4269:

4266:

4263:, p.83.4262:

4257:

4254:

4250:

4245:

4242:

4238:

4233:

4230:

4226:

4221:

4218:

4214:

4209:

4206:

4202:

4197:

4194:

4190:

4185:

4182:

4179:, p.89.4178:

4173:

4171:

4167:

4163:

4158:

4155:

4151:

4146:

4143:

4139:

4134:

4131:

4127:

4122:

4119:

4115:

4114:McKenzie 19904110:

4107:

4103:

4098:

4095:

4090:

4083:

4080:

4076:

4072:

4067:

4064:

4060:

4055:

4052:

4048:

4043:

4040:

4036:

4031:

4028:

4024:

4019:

4016:

4012:

4007:

4004:

4000:

3995:

3992:

3988:

3983:

3980:

3977:, p.61.3976:

3971:

3969:

3965:

3961:

3956:

3953:

3949:

3948:Sperling 20173944:

3942:

3938:

3934:

3929:

3926:

3922:

3917:

3914:

3910:

3909:Campbell 20013905:

3902:

3898:

3893:

3890:

3886:

3881:

3878:

3875:, p.90.3874:

3869:

3866:

3862:

3857:

3855:

3853:

3851:

3847:

3843:

3838:

3836:

3832:

3829:, p.93.3828:

3823:

3820:

3816:

3811:

3808:

3804:

3799:

3796:

3793:, p.77.3792:

3791:Anderson 20153787:

3784:

3781:

3776:

3773:

3769:

3764:

3761:

3757:

3752:

3749:

3744:

3740:

3736:

3732:

3731:

3724:

3721:

3717:

3716:

3709:

3706:

3701:

3695:

3691:

3690:

3682:

3680:

3676:

3672:

3671:Anderson 20153667:

3664:

3660:

3655:

3652:

3648:

3643:

3640:

3636:

3631:

3628:

3624:

3619:

3616:

3612:

3607:

3604:

3600:

3595:

3592:

3589:, p.83.3588:

3583:

3580:

3575:

3571:

3567:

3563:

3559:

3555:

3551:

3544:

3542:

3538:

3533:

3529:

3524:

3519:

3514:

3509:

3505:

3501:

3497:

3490:

3488:

3486:

3482:

3478:

3473:

3470:

3466:

3461:

3458:

3454:

3449:

3446:

3442:

3437:

3435:

3431:

3427:

3422:

3419:

3415:

3410:

3407:

3403:

3398:

3395:

3391:

3390:Anderson 20153386:

3383:

3379:

3374:

3371:

3367:

3362:

3359:

3356:, p.71.3355:

3350:

3347:

3343:

3338:

3335:

3331:

3326:

3323:

3318:

3314:

3310:

3306:

3302:

3298:

3294:

3287:

3284:

3280:

3276:

3272:

3268:

3267:Fleming 2020b3264:

3260:

3256:

3252:

3247:

3244:

3240:

3235:

3232:

3228:

3223:

3220:

3216:

3211:

3208:

3205:, p.18.3204:

3199:

3196:

3192:

3187:

3184:

3181:, p.51.3180:

3175:

3172:

3169:

3164:

3161:

3157:

3152:

3149:

3145:

3140:

3137:

3133:

3128:

3125:

3121:

3116:

3113:

3109:

3104:

3102:

3100:

3098:

3094:

3091:, p.60.3090:

3085:

3083:

3081:

3079:

3077:

3073:

3069:

3064:

3062:

3058:

3055:, p.20.3054:

3049:

3046:

3043:, p.38.3042:

3037:

3035:

3031:

3027:

3022:

3019:

3016:, p.18.3015:

3010:

3007:

3003:

2998:

2995:

2991:

2986:

2984:

2982:

2978:

2974:

2969:

2966:

2962:

2957:

2954:

2950:

2945:

2942:

2938:

2933:

2930:

2927:, p.42.2926:

2921:

2919:

2915:

2911:

2906:

2904:

2900:

2896:

2891:

2888:

2884:

2879:

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2821:reconstructed2818:

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2229:Feast of Wine2222:

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2199:Second Isaiah2196:

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2050:Second Temple2047:

2043:

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2038:second Isaiah2035:

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2019:

2015:

2011:

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1875:national gods1872:

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1550:Amenhotep III1547:

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1271:‎, "my1266:

1262:

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1249:sole divinity1246:

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1202:heavenly army1199:

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